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Psychology, General.
Doctoral Degree•147 Institutions
Completers Only: Federal median earnings data strictly reflects outcomes for students who successfully graduated. Students who do not complete their degree typically earn significantly less and face higher risks of debt default.
Annual Full Cost vs. Median Earnings
Each dot represents one program at an institution. Shows the spread of annual sticker price (or net price if sticker price is unavailable) vs earnings 4 years post-grad.
Field Median ($94,079)
P25-P75 Interval ($69,338 - $105,702)
HS Baseline ($35,872)
Breakeven Line (0% ROI)
Institution | State | Earnings | Avg Net Price | Median Debt | Lifetime Value Added |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fort Collins | CO | $144,730 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $21,279 /yr | - | +$348k |
Bloomington | IN | $131,290 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $16,264 /yr | - | +$267k |
Fairfax | VA | $128,100 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $17,915 /yr | - | +$238k |
Claremont | CA | $118,456 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | $98,030 | +$231k |
Detroit | MI | $120,901 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $12,766 /yr | - | +$203k |
Raleigh | NC | $120,982 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $17,303 /yr | $26,317 | +$187k |
Loma Linda University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Loma Linda | CA | $110,256 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | $235,323 | +$170k |
Athens | GA | $115,825 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $13,936 /yr | - | +$162k |
Tampa | FL | $113,606 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $9,812 /yr | - | +$160k |
Chicago | IL | $115,482 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $18,425 /yr | - | +$143k |
Chicago | IL | $109,281 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $10,974 /yr | - | +$124k |
Tempe | AZ | $109,867 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $14,967 /yr | - | +$114k |
Gainesville | FL | $103,154 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $6,541 /yr | - | +$94k |
Burlington | VT | $109,295 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $19,343 /yr | - | +$94k |
Knoxville | TN | $108,390 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $18,976 /yr | - | +$88k |
CUNY Graduate School and University Center ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. New York | NY | $95,873 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | - | +$64k |
Hattiesburg | MS | $105,702 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $21,708 /yr | - | +$59k |
Los Angeles | CA | $100,014 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $12,548 /yr | - | +$49k |
Tallahassee | FL | $99,239 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $11,297 /yr | - | +$48k |
Philadelphia | PA | $111,849 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $38,509 /yr | - | +$44k |
Norman | OK | $94,408 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $15,300 /yr | - | +$26k |
Waterbury | CT | $94,835 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $10,875 /yr | - | +$17k |
Groton | CT | $94,835 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $13,807 /yr | - | +$6k |
Lincoln | NE | $96,534 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $17,747 /yr | - | +$5k |
University of Alaska Anchorage ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Anchorage | AK | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,301 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Alaska Fairbanks ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fairbanks | AK | - Nat: $98,707 | $10,892 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tucson | AZ | - Nat: $98,707 | $16,674 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fayetteville | AR | - Nat: $98,707 | $18,209 /yr | - | -$0 |
Berkeley | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,481 /yr | - | -$0 |
Irvine | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $14,251 /yr | - | -$0 |
La Jolla | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $12,470 /yr | - | -$0 |
Santa Cruz | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,890 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pasadena | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
San Francisco | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $41,431 /yr | - | -$0 |
Los Angeles | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $32,740 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Colorado Colorado Springs ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Colorado Springs | CO | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,788 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boulder | CO | - Nat: $98,707 | $25,346 /yr | - | -$0 |
Denver | CO | - Nat: $98,707 | $36,131 /yr | - | -$0 |
New Haven | CT | - Nat: $98,707 | $23,777 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $98,707 | $36,586 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $98,707 | $40,815 /yr | - | -$0 |
Orlando | FL | - Nat: $98,707 | $10,411 /yr | - | -$0 |
Miami | FL | - Nat: $98,707 | $9,288 /yr | - | -$0 |
Keiser University-Ft Lauderdale ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fort Lauderdale | FL | - Nat: $98,707 | $30,498 /yr | - | -$0 |
Coral Gables | FL | - Nat: $98,707 | $37,244 /yr | - | -$0 |
Atlanta | GA | - Nat: $98,707 | $22,585 /yr | - | -$0 |
Atlanta | GA | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,931 /yr | - | -$0 |
Honolulu | HI | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,664 /yr | - | -$0 |
Champaign | IL | - Nat: $98,707 | $14,355 /yr | - | -$0 |
Notre Dame | IN | - Nat: $98,707 | $26,780 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ames | IA | - Nat: $98,707 | $18,589 /yr | - | -$0 |
Iowa City | IA | - Nat: $98,707 | $22,531 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ashford University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. San Diego | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $31,266 /yr | - | -$0 |
Lawrence | KS | - Nat: $98,707 | $18,059 /yr | - | -$0 |
Baton Rouge | LA | - Nat: $98,707 | $19,151 /yr | $39,000 | -$0 |
New Orleans | LA | - Nat: $98,707 | $39,949 /yr | - | -$0 |
Baltimore | MD | - Nat: $98,707 | $18,809 /yr | - | -$0 |
College Park | MD | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,678 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boston | MA | - Nat: $98,707 | $24,402 /yr | - | -$0 |
Waltham | MA | - Nat: $98,707 | $35,736 /yr | - | -$0 |
Worcester | MA | - Nat: $98,707 | $28,714 /yr | - | -$0 |
Amherst | MA | - Nat: $98,707 | $22,383 /yr | - | -$0 |
Springfield College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Springfield | MA | - Nat: $98,707 | $30,587 /yr | - | -$0 |
East Lansing | MI | - Nat: $98,707 | $19,680 /yr | - | -$0 |
Rochester Hills | MI | - Nat: $98,707 | $9,120 /yr | - | -$0 |
University | MS | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,314 /yr | - | -$0 |
Mississippi State | MS | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,595 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kansas City | MO | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,310 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bozeman | MT | - Nat: $98,707 | $22,499 /yr | - | -$0 |
Omaha | NE | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,441 /yr | - | -$0 |
Las Vegas | NV | - Nat: $98,707 | $10,359 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albuquerque | NM | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,489 /yr | - | -$0 |
Las Cruces | NM | - Nat: $98,707 | $8,889 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ithaca | NY | - Nat: $98,707 | $28,690 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albany | NY | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,167 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chapel Hill | NC | - Nat: $98,707 | $11,655 /yr | - | -$0 |
Greensboro | NC | - Nat: $98,707 | $10,965 /yr | - | -$0 |
Grand Forks | ND | - Nat: $98,707 | $18,551 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fargo | ND | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,543 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cleveland | OH | - Nat: $98,707 | $41,190 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cincinnati | OH | - Nat: $98,707 | $25,648 /yr | - | -$0 |
Toledo | OH | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,249 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stillwater | OK | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,447 /yr | - | -$0 |
Eugene | OR | - Nat: $98,707 | $22,182 /yr | - | -$0 |
Portland State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Portland | OR | - Nat: $98,707 | $9,552 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $98,707 | $31,944 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $98,707 | $29,954 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bethlehem | PA | - Nat: $98,707 | $36,931 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $98,707 | $28,699 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $98,707 | $28,198 /yr | - | -$0 |
Vermillion | SD | - Nat: $98,707 | $19,858 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tennessee State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Nashville | TN | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,796 /yr | - | -$0 |
Nashville | TN | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,846 /yr | - | -$0 |
Waco | TX | - Nat: $98,707 | $41,104 /yr | - | -$0 |
Houston | TX | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,370 /yr | - | -$0 |
El Paso | TX | - Nat: $98,707 | $9,403 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fort Worth | TX | - Nat: $98,707 | $36,660 /yr | - | -$0 |
San Antonio | TX | - Nat: $98,707 | $10,836 /yr | - | -$0 |
Provo | UT | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,564 /yr | - | -$0 |
Logan | UT | - Nat: $98,707 | $14,936 /yr | - | -$0 |
Salt Lake City | UT | - Nat: $98,707 | $16,200 /yr | - | -$0 |
Harrisonburg | VA | - Nat: $98,707 | $23,322 /yr | - | -$0 |
Norfolk | VA | - Nat: $98,707 | $14,638 /yr | - | -$0 |
Richmond | VA | - Nat: $98,707 | $23,433 /yr | - | -$0 |
Charlottesville | VA | - Nat: $98,707 | $21,565 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pullman | WA | - Nat: $98,707 | $14,971 /yr | - | -$0 |
Madison | WI | - Nat: $98,707 | $17,354 /yr | - | -$0 |
Milwaukee | WI | - Nat: $98,707 | $15,014 /yr | - | -$0 |
Laramie | WY | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,599 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albizu University-San Juan ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. San Juan | PR | - Nat: $98,707 | $9,732 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stanford | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $13,807 /yr | - | -$0 |
Merced | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | $11,983 /yr | - | -$0 |
The Chicago School at Los Angeles ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Los Angeles | CA | - Nat: $98,707 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Hartford | CT | $94,835 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $16,403 /yr | - | -$3k |
Stamford | CT | $94,835 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $16,798 /yr | - | -$4k |
Newark | NJ | $95,771 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $19,703 /yr | $63,346 | -$8k |
Northcentral University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. San Diego | CA | $85,657 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | $84,513 | -$12k |
New Brunswick | NJ | $95,771 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $24,406 /yr | $63,346 | -$25k |
Grand Canyon University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Phoenix | AZ | $94,079 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $22,472 /yr | $65,634 | -$31k |
Storrs | CT | $94,835 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $25,097 /yr | - | -$34k |
Dekalb | IL | $85,719 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $13,391 /yr | - | -$60k |
Birmingham | AL | $85,091 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $18,749 /yr | - | -$84k |
University of Missouri-St Louis ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Saint Louis | MO | $78,343 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $15,071 /yr | - | -$97k |
Oxford | OH | $87,501 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $28,384 /yr | - | -$101k |
Capella University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Minneapolis | MN | $82,098 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $17,956 /yr | $108,914 | -$103k |
The University of Montana ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Missoula | MT | $76,460 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $16,784 /yr | - | -$118k |
Bowling Green | OH | $82,522 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $24,022 /yr | - | -$122k |
Morgantown | WV | $72,796 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $15,634 /yr | - | -$142k |
Carbondale | IL | $69,338 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $13,297 /yr | - | -$161k |
Riverside | CA | $69,338 Nat: $94,835 2yr Post-Grad | $14,304 /yr | - | -$164k |
Walden University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Minneapolis | MN | $80,203 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $33,817 /yr | $175,633 | -$174k |
Tuscaloosa | AL | $71,643 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $22,420 /yr | - | -$176k |
University Park | PA | $73,949 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $32,875 /yr | - | -$195k |
Auburn | AL | $67,660 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $24,323 /yr | - | -$213k |
Washington | DC | $69,338 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $29,561 /yr | - | -$219k |
Evanston | IL | $71,819 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $29,167 /yr | - | -$220k |
College Station | TX | $63,997 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $21,315 /yr | - | -$231k |
Pasadena | CA | $54,416 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | $242,174 | -$249k |
Reno | NV | $58,673 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $15,927 /yr | - | -$254k |
Austin | TX | $60,161 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $19,857 /yr | - | -$256k |
Durham | NH | $55,964 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $23,805 /yr | - | -$305k |
Memphis | TN | $49,840 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $12,397 /yr | - | -$315k |
San Juan | PR | $47,470 Nat: $98,707 4yr Post-Grad | $9,175 /yr | - | -$339k |
Blacksburg | VA | $48,432 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $24,953 /yr | - | -$372k |
Washington | DC | $59,124 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $50,539 /yr | - | -$375k |
Pittsburgh | PA | $47,952 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $30,434 /yr | - | -$396k |
Durham | NC | $46,087 Nat: $98,707 2yr Post-Grad | $29,612 /yr | - | -$409k |
Analysis Notes:
- Lifetime Value Added: Net Present Value (NPV) of estimated career earnings relative to a median bachelor's degree holder, accounting for this institution's average cost and taxes.
- Avg Net Price: The average price paid by students who receive federal financial aid (grants/loans).Note: For graduate programs, the institution's average undergraduate net price is used as a proxy for annual cost, which may differ from actual graduate tuition and net price.
Important Note: Your ROI with any major will depend on the cost you pay to attend the program, and your starting salary. Both vary significantly across institutions. We encourage you to explore the ROI of a specific program variant by selecting the Program title of the credential level you are interested in. You will then have a more detailed return analysis for programs at specific institutions. We also encourage you to use the ROI calculator, or for more sophisticated analysis, the Guided ROI Interview, with your specific estimates of cost and salary.