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Biology, General.
Doctoral Degree•175 Institutions
Completers Only: Federal median earnings data strictly reflects outcomes for students who successfully graduated. Students who do not complete their degree typically earn significantly less and face higher risks of debt default.
Annual Full Cost vs. Median Earnings
Each dot represents one program at an institution. Shows the spread of annual sticker price (or net price if sticker price is unavailable) vs earnings 4 years post-grad.
Field Median ($101,099)
P25-P75 Interval ($57,318 - $129,900)
HS Baseline ($35,872)
Breakeven Line (0% ROI)
Institution | State | Earnings | Avg Net Price | Median Debt | Lifetime Value Added |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cambridge | MA | $189,144 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $20,111 /yr | - | +$678k |
Baltimore | MD | $176,414 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $18,809 /yr | - | +$589k |
Worcester | MA | $150,264 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | - | +$465k |
Newark | NJ | $157,286 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $19,703 /yr | - | +$445k |
New Brunswick | NJ | $157,286 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $24,406 /yr | - | +$429k |
La Jolla | CA | $129,900 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $12,470 /yr | - | +$270k |
West Lafayette | IN | $109,910 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $14,600 /yr | - | +$115k |
Cambridge | MA | $106,501 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $19,066 /yr | - | +$74k |
San Francisco | CA | $96,962 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | - | +$72k |
Atlanta | GA | $105,042 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $22,585 /yr | - | +$50k |
Notre Dame | IN | $101,099 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $26,780 /yr | - | +$6k |
Birmingham | AL | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,749 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tuscaloosa | AL | - Nat: $92,983 | $22,420 /yr | - | -$0 |
Auburn | AL | - Nat: $92,983 | $24,323 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tuskegee | AL | - Nat: $92,983 | $35,013 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Alaska Fairbanks ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fairbanks | AK | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,892 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tempe | AZ | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,967 /yr | - | -$0 |
Flagstaff | AZ | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,158 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fayetteville | AR | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,209 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pasadena | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,075 /yr | - | -$0 |
Berkeley | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,481 /yr | - | -$0 |
Los Angeles | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $12,548 /yr | - | -$0 |
Riverside | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,304 /yr | - | -$0 |
San Diego | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,364 /yr | - | -$0 |
Los Angeles | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $32,740 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fort Collins | CO | - Nat: $92,983 | $21,279 /yr | - | -$0 |
Denver | CO | - Nat: $92,983 | $36,131 /yr | - | -$0 |
Storrs | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $25,097 /yr | - | -$0 |
Middletown | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $30,177 /yr | - | -$0 |
Newark | DE | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,799 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,561 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $92,983 | $36,586 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $92,983 | $40,815 /yr | - | -$0 |
Washington | DC | - Nat: $92,983 | $50,539 /yr | - | -$0 |
Orlando | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,411 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boca Raton | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $8,752 /yr | - | -$0 |
Florida Institute of Technology ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Melbourne | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $35,639 /yr | - | -$0 |
Miami | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $9,288 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tallahassee | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $11,297 /yr | - | -$0 |
Coral Gables | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $37,244 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tampa | FL | - Nat: $92,983 | $9,812 /yr | - | -$0 |
Clark Atlanta University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Atlanta | GA | - Nat: $92,983 | $37,702 /yr | - | -$0 |
Atlanta | GA | - Nat: $92,983 | $12,116 /yr | - | -$0 |
Athens | GA | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,936 /yr | - | -$0 |
Atlanta | GA | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Pocatello | ID | - Nat: $92,983 | $12,193 /yr | - | -$0 |
Moscow | ID | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,831 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chicago | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,974 /yr | - | -$0 |
Champaign | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,355 /yr | - | -$0 |
Normal | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,398 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chicago | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $36,079 /yr | - | -$0 |
National University of Health Sciences ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Lombard | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Dekalb | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,391 /yr | - | -$0 |
Evanston | IL | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,167 /yr | - | -$0 |
Indianapolis | IN | - Nat: $92,983 | $11,668 /yr | - | -$0 |
Indiana State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Terre Haute | IN | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,873 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ames | IA | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,589 /yr | - | -$0 |
Iowa City | IA | - Nat: $92,983 | $22,531 /yr | - | -$0 |
Manhattan | KS | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,406 /yr | - | -$0 |
Lexington | KY | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,851 /yr | - | -$0 |
Baton Rouge | LA | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,151 /yr | - | -$0 |
New Orleans | LA | - Nat: $92,983 | $39,949 /yr | - | -$0 |
Orono | ME | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,510 /yr | - | -$0 |
Baltimore | MD | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,467 /yr | - | -$0 |
College Park | MD | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,678 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chestnut Hill | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $41,704 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boston | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $24,402 /yr | - | -$0 |
Worcester | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,714 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boston | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,707 /yr | - | -$0 |
Boston | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $30,915 /yr | - | -$0 |
Medford | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $39,998 /yr | - | -$0 |
Worcester | MA | - Nat: $92,983 | $43,071 /yr | - | -$0 |
East Lansing | MI | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,680 /yr | - | -$0 |
Houghton | MI | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,182 /yr | - | -$0 |
Rochester Hills | MI | - Nat: $92,983 | $9,120 /yr | - | -$0 |
Detroit | MI | - Nat: $92,983 | $12,766 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kalamazoo | MI | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,273 /yr | - | -$0 |
Minneapolis | MN | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,778 /yr | - | -$0 |
University | MS | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,314 /yr | - | -$0 |
Mississippi State | MS | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,595 /yr | - | -$0 |
Hattiesburg | MS | - Nat: $92,983 | $21,708 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Missouri-St Louis ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Saint Louis | MO | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,071 /yr | - | -$0 |
Saint Louis | MO | - Nat: $92,983 | $24,398 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bozeman | MT | - Nat: $92,983 | $22,499 /yr | - | -$0 |
The University of Montana ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Missoula | MT | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,784 /yr | - | -$0 |
Omaha | NE | - Nat: $92,983 | $31,568 /yr | - | -$0 |
Lincoln | NE | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,747 /yr | - | -$0 |
Las Vegas | NV | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,359 /yr | - | -$0 |
Hanover | NH | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,519 /yr | - | -$0 |
Durham | NH | - Nat: $92,983 | $23,805 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albuquerque | NM | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,489 /yr | - | -$0 |
Las Cruces | NM | - Nat: $92,983 | $8,889 /yr | - | -$0 |
New York | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $21,590 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ithaca | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,690 /yr | - | -$0 |
New York | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
CUNY Graduate School and University Center ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. New York | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Bronx | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $44,338 /yr | - | -$0 |
New York | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
New York | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $37,050 /yr | - | -$0 |
Troy | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $36,228 /yr | - | -$0 |
Rochester | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,278 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albany | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,167 /yr | - | -$0 |
Buffalo | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $20,995 /yr | - | -$0 |
Syracuse | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | $38,793 /yr | - | -$0 |
Durham | NC | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,612 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chapel Hill | NC | - Nat: $92,983 | $11,655 /yr | - | -$0 |
Charlotte | NC | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,435 /yr | - | -$0 |
Winston-Salem | NC | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,719 /yr | - | -$0 |
Grand Forks | ND | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,551 /yr | - | -$0 |
Akron | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,946 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bowling Green | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $24,022 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cleveland | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $41,190 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cincinnati | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $25,648 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cleveland | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,764 /yr | - | -$0 |
Dayton | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $29,533 /yr | - | -$0 |
Oxford | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,384 /yr | - | -$0 |
Toledo | OH | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,249 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stillwater | OK | - Nat: $92,983 | $17,447 /yr | - | -$0 |
Corvallis | OR | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,604 /yr | - | -$0 |
Portland State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Portland | OR | - Nat: $92,983 | $9,552 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $31,944 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $38,509 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $37,730 /yr | - | -$0 |
University Park | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $32,875 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,699 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $30,434 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $92,983 | $28,198 /yr | - | -$0 |
Clemson | SC | - Nat: $92,983 | $22,253 /yr | - | -$0 |
Brookings | SD | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,841 /yr | - | -$0 |
Vermillion | SD | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,858 /yr | - | -$0 |
Johnson City | TN | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,983 /yr | - | -$0 |
Memphis | TN | - Nat: $92,983 | $12,397 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tennessee State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Nashville | TN | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,796 /yr | - | -$0 |
Nashville | TN | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,846 /yr | - | -$0 |
Waco | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | $41,104 /yr | - | -$0 |
Houston | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,276 /yr | - | -$0 |
Denton | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,649 /yr | - | -$0 |
The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. San Antonio | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Galveston | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
San Antonio | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,836 /yr | - | -$0 |
Lubbock | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,070 /yr | - | -$0 |
The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Houston | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Lubbock | TX | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Logan | UT | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,936 /yr | - | -$0 |
Salt Lake City | UT | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,200 /yr | - | -$0 |
Burlington | VT | - Nat: $92,983 | $19,343 /yr | - | -$0 |
Norfolk | VA | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,638 /yr | - | -$0 |
Blacksburg | VA | - Nat: $92,983 | $24,953 /yr | - | -$0 |
Richmond | VA | - Nat: $92,983 | $23,433 /yr | - | -$0 |
Charlottesville | VA | - Nat: $92,983 | $21,565 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pullman | WA | - Nat: $92,983 | $14,971 /yr | - | -$0 |
Huntington | WV | - Nat: $92,983 | $7,502 /yr | - | -$0 |
Morgantown | WV | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,634 /yr | - | -$0 |
Milwaukee | WI | - Nat: $92,983 | $31,487 /yr | - | -$0 |
Milwaukee | WI | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Milwaukee | WI | - Nat: $92,983 | $15,014 /yr | - | -$0 |
Laramie | WY | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,599 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ponce | PR | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
San Juan | PR | - Nat: $92,983 | $9,175 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stanford | CA | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,807 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bronx | NY | - Nat: $92,983 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Waterbury | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $10,875 /yr | - | -$0 |
Groton | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $13,807 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stamford | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,798 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bend | OR | - Nat: $92,983 | $18,048 /yr | - | -$0 |
Hartford | CT | - Nat: $92,983 | $16,403 /yr | - | -$0 |
Columbia | MO | $91,572 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $20,268 /yr | - | -$41k |
Columbus | OH | $75,461 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $17,339 /yr | - | -$151k |
Fort Worth | TX | $62,489 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | - /yr | - | -$166k |
College Station | TX | $70,480 Nat: $92,983 4yr Post-Grad | $21,315 /yr | - | -$202k |
Louisville | KY | $57,318 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | $17,988 /yr | - | -$273k |
Eugene | OR | $54,644 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | $22,182 /yr | - | -$310k |
Atlanta | GA | $51,273 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | $15,931 /yr | - | -$315k |
Seattle | WA | $50,439 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | $14,091 /yr | - | -$316k |
Columbia | SC | $48,823 Nat: $92,983 2yr Post-Grad | $22,811 /yr | - | -$361k |
Analysis Notes:
- Lifetime Value Added: Net Present Value (NPV) of estimated career earnings relative to a median bachelor's degree holder, accounting for this institution's average cost and taxes.
- Avg Net Price: The average price paid by students who receive federal financial aid (grants/loans).Note: For graduate programs, the institution's average undergraduate net price is used as a proxy for annual cost, which may differ from actual graduate tuition and net price.
Important Note: Your ROI with any major will depend on the cost you pay to attend the program, and your starting salary. Both vary significantly across institutions. We encourage you to explore the ROI of a specific program variant by selecting the Program title of the credential level you are interested in. You will then have a more detailed return analysis for programs at specific institutions. We also encourage you to use the ROI calculator, or for more sophisticated analysis, the Guided ROI Interview, with your specific estimates of cost and salary.