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Health/Medical Preparatory Programs.
Bachelor's Degree•157 Institutions
Completers Only: Federal median earnings data strictly reflects outcomes for students who successfully graduated. Students who do not complete their degree typically earn significantly less and face higher risks of debt default.
Annual Full Cost vs. Median Earnings
Each dot represents one program at an institution. Shows the spread of annual sticker price (or net price if sticker price is unavailable) vs earnings 4 years post-grad.
Field Median ($57,360)
P25-P75 Interval ($46,011 - $68,460)
HS Baseline ($35,872)
Breakeven Line (0% ROI)
Institution | State | Earnings | Avg Net Price | Median Debt | Lifetime Value Added |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Big Rapids | MI | $118,364 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $8,624 /yr | - | +$467k |
Los Angeles | CA | $105,024 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $21,413 /yr | $27,000 | +$320k |
Nevada State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Henderson | NV | $94,433 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $14,068 /yr | - | +$265k |
Philadelphia | PA | $95,081 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $38,509 /yr | $23,000 | +$182k |
Boston | MA | $90,224 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $39,545 /yr | $27,000 | +$142k |
Wingate | NC | $78,487 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $20,748 /yr | $23,000 | +$120k |
Miami University-Middletown ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Middletown | OH | $72,484 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $10,809 /yr | $23,250 | +$110k |
Miami University-Hamilton ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Hamilton | OH | $72,484 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $11,286 /yr | $23,250 | +$108k |
Bloomsburg | PA | $73,383 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $15,699 /yr | $26,000 | +$99k |
Columbus | OH | $71,189 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $17,339 /yr | $19,500 | +$76k |
Dayton | OH | $76,475 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $29,533 /yr | $23,562 | +$73k |
Weber State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Ogden | UT | $66,126 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $10,258 /yr | - | +$63k |
Madonna University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Livonia | MI | $69,333 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $17,755 /yr | $26,750 | +$60k |
Cleveland | OH | $67,214 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $14,764 /yr | $18,250 | +$55k |
Akron | OH | $65,928 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $13,946 /yr | $20,649 | +$48k |
Coppin State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Baltimore | MD | $64,090 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $9,977 /yr | $25,500 | +$48k |
Oxford | OH | $72,484 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $28,384 /yr | $23,250 | +$46k |
Loretto | PA | $68,578 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $23,526 /yr | - | +$34k |
Indianapolis | IN | $62,442 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $11,668 /yr | $19,970 | +$29k |
North Manchester | IN | $64,722 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $18,805 /yr | $24,250 | +$21k |
Milwaukee | WI | $62,343 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $15,014 /yr | $21,742 | +$16k |
Frostburg | MD | $62,767 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $16,715 /yr | $24,500 | +$13k |
Allendale | MI | $62,501 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $16,317 /yr | $25,017 | +$13k |
Vermont State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Randolph | VT | $63,293 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $18,212 /yr | - | +$12k |
Arizona State University Digital Immersion ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Scottsdale | AZ | $55,043 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | - /yr | $22,935 | +$11k |
Faulkner University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Montgomery | AL | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,085 /yr | - | -$0 |
Oakwood University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Huntsville | AL | - Nat: $61,911 | $25,669 /yr | - | -$0 |
Birmingham | AL | - Nat: $61,911 | $32,622 /yr | - | -$0 |
Tucson | AZ | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,674 /yr | - | -$0 |
Searcy | AR | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,130 /yr | - | -$0 |
Arkadelphia | AR | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,409 /yr | - | -$0 |
Riverside | CA | - Nat: $61,911 | $26,285 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bakersfield | CA | - Nat: $61,911 | $5,652 /yr | - | -$0 |
Stockton | CA | - Nat: $61,911 | $25,447 /yr | - | -$0 |
San Francisco | CA | - Nat: $61,911 | $12,278 /yr | - | -$0 |
Costa Mesa | CA | - Nat: $61,911 | $21,241 /yr | - | -$0 |
Denver | CO | - Nat: $61,911 | $11,900 /yr | $19,090 | -$0 |
Colorado Christian University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Lakewood | CO | - Nat: $61,911 | $29,500 /yr | $16,250 | -$0 |
Delaware State University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Dover | DE | - Nat: $61,911 | $13,910 /yr | - | -$0 |
Palm Beach State College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Lake Worth | FL | - Nat: $61,911 | $9,182 /yr | - | -$0 |
Southeastern University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Lakeland | FL | - Nat: $61,911 | $31,942 /yr | - | -$0 |
Mercer University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Macon | GA | - Nat: $61,911 | $23,847 /yr | - | -$0 |
Blackburn College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Carlinville | IL | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,460 /yr | - | -$0 |
River Forest | IL | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,436 /yr | - | -$0 |
Eureka | IL | - Nat: $61,911 | $17,349 /yr | - | -$0 |
Trinity International University-Illinois ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Deerfield | IL | - Nat: $61,911 | $2,835 /yr | - | -$0 |
Winona Lake | IN | - Nat: $61,911 | $19,932 /yr | - | -$0 |
Indiana Wesleyan University-Marion ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Marion | IN | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,866 /yr | - | -$0 |
Maharishi International University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fairfield | IA | - Nat: $61,911 | $14,956 /yr | - | -$0 |
Mercy College of Health Sciences ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Des Moines | IA | - Nat: $61,911 | $26,924 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kansas Wesleyan University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Salina | KS | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,671 /yr | - | -$0 |
Leavenworth | KS | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,519 /yr | - | -$0 |
Southwestern College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Winfield | KS | - Nat: $61,911 | $29,824 /yr | - | -$0 |
Sterling College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Sterling | KS | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,371 /yr | - | -$0 |
Alice Lloyd College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Pippa Passes | KY | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,600 /yr | - | -$0 |
Lexington | KY | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,851 /yr | - | -$0 |
Louisiana Christian University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Pineville | LA | - Nat: $61,911 | $13,113 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Holy Cross ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. New Orleans | LA | - Nat: $61,911 | $15,635 /yr | - | -$0 |
Franciscan Missionaries of Our Lady University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Baton Rouge | LA | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,552 /yr | - | -$0 |
Adrian | MI | - Nat: $61,911 | $25,368 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ypsilanti | MI | - Nat: $61,911 | $15,407 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cornerstone University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Grand Rapids | MI | - Nat: $61,911 | $20,301 /yr | - | -$0 |
Rochester Hills | MI | - Nat: $61,911 | $9,120 /yr | - | -$0 |
Siena Heights University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Adrian | MI | - Nat: $61,911 | $17,124 /yr | - | -$0 |
Morris | MN | - Nat: $61,911 | $8,837 /yr | - | -$0 |
Saint Paul | MN | - Nat: $61,911 | $27,705 /yr | $20,000 | -$0 |
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Winona | MN | - Nat: $61,911 | $11,704 /yr | - | -$0 |
St Catherine University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Saint Paul | MN | - Nat: $61,911 | $19,764 /yr | - | -$0 |
Clinton | MS | - Nat: $61,911 | $27,712 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kansas City | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,053 /yr | - | -$0 |
Central Methodist University-College of Liberal Arts and Sciences ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fayette | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,766 /yr | $13,150 | -$0 |
Springfield | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $18,669 /yr | - | -$0 |
Saint Louis | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,066 /yr | - | -$0 |
Saint Louis | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $27,006 /yr | - | -$0 |
Fulton | MO | - Nat: $61,911 | $24,314 /yr | - | -$0 |
Chadron State College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Chadron | NE | - Nat: $61,911 | $12,549 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kearney | NE | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,242 /yr | - | -$0 |
Omaha | NE | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,590 /yr | - | -$0 |
Wayne | NE | - Nat: $61,911 | $15,360 /yr | - | -$0 |
Albuquerque | NM | - Nat: $61,911 | $15,489 /yr | - | -$0 |
Hempstead | NY | - Nat: $61,911 | $34,176 /yr | - | -$0 |
Troy | NY | - Nat: $61,911 | $36,228 /yr | - | -$0 |
Methodist University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fayetteville | NC | - Nat: $61,911 | $24,704 /yr | - | -$0 |
North Carolina Wesleyan University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Rocky Mount | NC | - Nat: $61,911 | $17,432 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pfeiffer University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Misenheimer | NC | - Nat: $61,911 | $19,076 /yr | - | -$0 |
Valley City | ND | - Nat: $61,911 | $11,890 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bluffton | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $19,943 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cleveland | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $41,190 /yr | - | -$0 |
Defiance College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Defiance | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $26,337 /yr | - | -$0 |
Hiram | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $21,058 /yr | - | -$0 |
Kettering | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $21,650 /yr | - | -$0 |
Cincinnati | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,530 /yr | - | -$0 |
Delaware | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $20,897 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pepper Pike | OH | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,164 /yr | - | -$0 |
Southern Nazarene University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Bethany | OK | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,084 /yr | - | -$0 |
National University of Natural Medicine ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Portland | OR | - Nat: $61,911 | - /yr | - | -$0 |
Salem | OR | - Nat: $61,911 | $28,035 /yr | - | -$0 |
Keystone College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. La Plume | PA | - Nat: $61,911 | $22,051 /yr | - | -$0 |
University Park | PA | - Nat: $61,911 | $32,875 /yr | - | -$0 |
Pittsburgh | PA | - Nat: $61,911 | $25,942 /yr | - | -$0 |
Philadelphia | PA | - Nat: $61,911 | $28,928 /yr | - | -$0 |
Anderson | SC | - Nat: $61,911 | $23,544 /yr | - | -$0 |
Southern Wesleyan University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Central | SC | - Nat: $61,911 | $15,464 /yr | - | -$0 |
Bethel University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. McKenzie | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $12,595 /yr | - | -$0 |
Jefferson City | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $20,251 /yr | - | -$0 |
Nashville | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $24,739 /yr | - | -$0 |
Harrogate | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $20,406 /yr | - | -$0 |
The University of Tennessee Southern ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Pulaski | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $12,798 /yr | - | -$0 |
Athens | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $14,836 /yr | - | -$0 |
Trevecca Nazarene University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Nashville | TN | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,813 /yr | - | -$0 |
Belton | TX | - Nat: $61,911 | $26,106 /yr | $25,192 | -$0 |
Texas Southern University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Houston | TX | - Nat: $61,911 | $16,590 /yr | - | -$0 |
Texas Wesleyan University ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Fort Worth | TX | - Nat: $61,911 | $24,066 /yr | - | -$0 |
Colchester | VT | - Nat: $61,911 | $25,239 /yr | - | -$0 |
Ferrum College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Ferrum | VA | - Nat: $61,911 | $20,082 /yr | - | -$0 |
Seattle | WA | - Nat: $61,911 | $24,488 /yr | - | -$0 |
Watertown | WI | - Nat: $61,911 | $26,005 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Wisconsin-Superior ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Superior | WI | - Nat: $61,911 | $12,220 /yr | - | -$0 |
Laramie | WY | - Nat: $61,911 | $13,599 /yr | - | -$0 |
Caribbean University-Bayamon ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Bayamon | PR | - Nat: $61,911 | $4,665 /yr | - | -$0 |
Caribbean University-Carolina ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Carolina | PR | - Nat: $61,911 | $5,791 /yr | - | -$0 |
Mayaguez | PR | - Nat: $61,911 | $17,936 /yr | - | -$0 |
Caribbean University-Ponce ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Ponce | PR | - Nat: $61,911 | $4,964 /yr | - | -$0 |
University of Dubuque ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Dubuque | IA | $63,655 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $23,386 /yr | - | -$4k |
Kent State University at Ashtabula ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Ashtabula | OH | $57,360 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $12,205 /yr | $26,000 | -$14k |
Waco | TX | $68,460 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $41,104 /yr | $25,000 | -$30k |
Dekalb | IL | $55,778 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $13,391 /yr | $22,500 | -$31k |
Rochester | NY | $62,585 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $29,357 /yr | $27,000 | -$34k |
Muncie | IN | $56,078 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $14,940 /yr | $23,250 | -$34k |
University Center | MI | $53,376 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $10,775 /yr | $30,625 | -$41k |
Tempe | AZ | $55,043 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $14,967 /yr | $22,935 | -$43k |
Kent | OH | $57,360 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $20,787 /yr | $26,000 | -$45k |
Bend | OR | $55,245 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $18,048 /yr | $22,731 | -$52k |
Corvallis | OR | $55,245 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $19,604 /yr | $22,731 | -$58k |
Notre Dame | IN | $58,126 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $26,780 /yr | $17,500 | -$60k |
Aurora | IL | $52,987 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $18,838 /yr | $19,050 | -$74k |
Danville | VA | $54,637 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $22,925 /yr | $23,500 | -$75k |
Bellingham | WA | $53,428 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $21,193 /yr | $17,708 | -$79k |
Lisle | IL | $50,130 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $22,313 /yr | $22,697 | -$110k |
Lubbock | TX | $51,028 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $24,456 /yr | $25,250 | -$110k |
Huntington | WV | $42,925 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $7,502 /yr | $24,000 | -$118k |
University of South Alabama ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Mobile | AL | $47,019 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $17,648 /yr | $28,000 | -$119k |
Guilford College ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Greensboro | NC | $46,011 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $22,270 /yr | $27,000 | -$145k |
Findlay | OH | $47,760 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $27,221 /yr | $24,250 | -$148k |
Temple Terrace | FL | $44,035 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $23,931 /yr | - | -$167k |
Canton | MO | $42,880 Nat: $61,911 4yr Post-Grad | $21,983 /yr | - | -$170k |
Salt Lake City | UT | $33,987 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $16,200 /yr | - | -$214k |
River Forest | IL | $30,771 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $11,745 /yr | - | -$227k |
The University of Montana ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Missoula | MT | $28,960 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $16,784 /yr | - | -$262k |
Cleveland | TN | $28,960 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $18,878 /yr | - | -$269k |
Boise | ID | $29,685 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $21,610 /yr | - | -$273k |
Pittsburgh | PA | $35,060 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $37,730 /yr | $23,250 | -$282k |
Iowa City | IA | $28,462 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $22,531 /yr | - | -$287k |
Statesboro | GA | $24,421 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $15,267 /yr | - | -$298k |
Buies Creek | NC | $23,649 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $24,516 /yr | - | -$338k |
Rock Island | IL | $20,140 Nat: $61,911 2yr Post-Grad | $22,736 /yr | $27,000 | -$364k |
Riverside | CA | $25,194 Nat: $62,585 2yr Post-Grad | $45,566 /yr | - | -$400k |
Analysis Notes:
- Lifetime Value Added: Net Present Value (NPV) of estimated career earnings relative to a median high school graduate, accounting for this institution's average cost and taxes.
- Avg Net Price: The average price paid by students who receive federal financial aid (grants/loans).
Important Note: Your ROI with any major will depend on the cost you pay to attend the program, and your starting salary. Both vary significantly across institutions. We encourage you to explore the ROI of a specific program variant by selecting the Program title of the credential level you are interested in. You will then have a more detailed return analysis for programs at specific institutions. We also encourage you to use the ROI calculator, or for more sophisticated analysis, the Guided ROI Interview, with your specific estimates of cost and salary.