History.

Doctoral Degree•148 Institutions

Completers Only: Federal median earnings data strictly reflects outcomes for students who successfully graduated. Students who do not complete their degree typically earn significantly less and face higher risks of debt default.

Annual Full Cost vs. Median Earnings

Each dot represents one program at an institution. Shows the spread of annual sticker price (or net price if sticker price is unavailable) vs earnings 4 years post-grad.

Field Median ($57,860)

P25-P75 Interval ($48,823 - $73,942)

HS Baseline ($35,872)

Breakeven Line (0% ROI)

Institution	State	Earnings	Avg Net Price	Median Debt	Lifetime Value Added
University of California-Los Angeles Los Angeles	CA	$94,132 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$12,548 /yr	-	+$6k
Princeton University Princeton	NJ	$90,535 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$6,128 /yr	-	+$2k
The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa	AL	- Nat: $70,550	$22,420 /yr	-	-$0
Auburn University Auburn	AL	- Nat: $70,550	$24,323 /yr	-	-$0
Arizona State University Campus Immersion Tempe	AZ	- Nat: $70,550	$14,967 /yr	-	-$0
University of Arkansas Fayetteville	AR	- Nat: $70,550	$18,209 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-Davis Davis	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$14,741 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-Irvine Irvine	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$14,251 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-San Francisco San Francisco	CA	- Nat: $70,550	- /yr	-	-$0
University of California-Santa Barbara Santa Barbara	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$16,109 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-Santa Cruz Santa Cruz	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$17,890 /yr	-	-$0
Claremont Graduate University Claremont	CA	- Nat: $70,550	- /yr	-	-$0
University of Southern California Los Angeles	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$32,740 /yr	-	-$0
University of Colorado Boulder Boulder	CO	- Nat: $70,550	$25,346 /yr	-	-$0
University of Connecticut Storrs	CT	- Nat: $70,550	$25,097 /yr	-	-$0
University of Delaware Newark	DE	- Nat: $70,550	$17,799 /yr	-	-$0
American University Washington	DC	- Nat: $70,550	$41,943 /yr	-	-$0
The Catholic University of America Washington	DC	- Nat: $70,550	$29,561 /yr	-	-$0
George Washington University Washington	DC	- Nat: $70,550	$36,586 /yr	-	-$0
Georgetown University Washington	DC	- Nat: $70,550	$40,815 /yr	-	-$0
Howard University Washington	DC	- Nat: $70,550	$50,539 /yr	-	-$0
Florida International University Miami	FL	- Nat: $70,550	$9,288 /yr	-	-$0
Florida State University Tallahassee	FL	- Nat: $70,550	$11,297 /yr	-	-$0
University of Florida Gainesville	FL	- Nat: $70,550	$6,541 /yr	-	-$0
University of Miami Coral Gables	FL	- Nat: $70,550	$37,244 /yr	-	-$0
University of South Florida Tampa	FL	- Nat: $70,550	$9,812 /yr	-	-$0
Emory University Atlanta	GA	- Nat: $70,550	$22,585 /yr	-	-$0
Georgia Institute of Technology-Main Campus Atlanta	GA	- Nat: $70,550	$12,116 /yr	-	-$0
Georgia State University Atlanta	GA	- Nat: $70,550	$15,931 /yr	-	-$0
University of Georgia Athens	GA	- Nat: $70,550	$13,936 /yr	-	-$0
University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu	HI	- Nat: $70,550	$15,664 /yr	-	-$0
University of Idaho Moscow	ID	- Nat: $70,550	$14,831 /yr	-	-$0
University of Illinois Chicago Chicago	IL	- Nat: $70,550	$10,974 /yr	-	-$0
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign	IL	- Nat: $70,550	$14,355 /yr	-	-$0
Loyola University Chicago Chicago	IL	- Nat: $70,550	$36,079 /yr	-	-$0
Northern Illinois University Dekalb	IL	- Nat: $70,550	$13,391 /yr	-	-$0
Southern Illinois University-Carbondale Carbondale	IL	- Nat: $70,550	$13,297 /yr	-	-$0
University of Notre Dame Notre Dame	IN	- Nat: $70,550	$26,780 /yr	-	-$0
Iowa State University Ames	IA	- Nat: $70,550	$18,589 /yr	-	-$0
University of Iowa Iowa City	IA	- Nat: $70,550	$22,531 /yr	-	-$0
University of Kansas Lawrence	KS	- Nat: $70,550	$18,059 /yr	-	-$0
Kansas State University Manhattan	KS	- Nat: $70,550	$19,406 /yr	-	-$0
Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Baton Rouge	LA	- Nat: $70,550	$19,151 /yr	-	-$0
Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans	LA	- Nat: $70,550	$39,949 /yr	-	-$0
Johns Hopkins University Baltimore	MD	- Nat: $70,550	$18,809 /yr	-	-$0
University of Maryland-College Park College Park	MD	- Nat: $70,550	$15,678 /yr	-	-$0
Morgan State University Baltimore	MD	- Nat: $70,550	$14,985 /yr	-	-$0
Boston College Chestnut Hill	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$41,704 /yr	-	-$0
Boston University Boston	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$24,402 /yr	-	-$0
Brandeis University Waltham	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$35,736 /yr	-	-$0
Clark University Worcester	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$28,714 /yr	-	-$0
Harvard University Cambridge	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$19,066 /yr	-	-$0
University of Massachusetts-Amherst Amherst	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$22,383 /yr	-	-$0
Northeastern University Boston	MA	- Nat: $70,550	$30,915 /yr	-	-$0
Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant	MI	- Nat: $70,550	$17,597 /yr	-	-$0
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Ann Arbor	MI	- Nat: $70,550	$13,138 /yr	-	-$0
Michigan State University East Lansing	MI	- Nat: $70,550	$19,680 /yr	-	-$0
Wayne State University Detroit	MI	- Nat: $70,550	$12,766 /yr	-	-$0
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo	MI	- Nat: $70,550	$15,273 /yr	-	-$0
University of Minnesota-Twin Cities Minneapolis	MN	- Nat: $70,550	$16,778 /yr	-	-$0
University of Mississippi University	MS	- Nat: $70,550	$13,314 /yr	-	-$0
Mississippi State University Mississippi State	MS	- Nat: $70,550	$17,595 /yr	-	-$0
University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg	MS	- Nat: $70,550	$21,708 /yr	-	-$0
University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia	MO	- Nat: $70,550	$20,268 /yr	-	-$0
Saint Louis University Saint Louis	MO	- Nat: $70,550	$24,398 /yr	-	-$0
The University of Montana ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Missoula	MT	- Nat: $70,550	$16,784 /yr	-	-$0
University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln	NE	- Nat: $70,550	$17,747 /yr	-	-$0
University of Nevada-Reno Reno	NV	- Nat: $70,550	$15,927 /yr	-	-$0
University of New Hampshire-Main Campus Durham	NH	- Nat: $70,550	$23,805 /yr	-	-$0
Rutgers University-New Brunswick New Brunswick	NJ	- Nat: $70,550	$24,406 /yr	-	-$0
Rutgers University-Newark Newark	NJ	- Nat: $70,550	$19,703 /yr	-	-$0
Columbia University in the City of New York New York	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$21,590 /yr	-	-$0
Cornell University Ithaca	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$28,690 /yr	-	-$0
Fordham University Bronx	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$44,338 /yr	-	-$0
The New School New York	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$58,741 /yr	-	-$0
New York University New York	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$37,050 /yr	-	-$0
University of Rochester Rochester	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$29,278 /yr	-	-$0
St. John's University-New York Queens	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$29,999 /yr	-	-$0
University at Albany Albany	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$17,167 /yr	-	-$0
University at Buffalo Buffalo	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$20,995 /yr	-	-$0
Stony Brook University Stony Brook	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$18,784 /yr	-	-$0
Syracuse University Syracuse	NY	- Nat: $70,550	$38,793 /yr	-	-$0
Duke University Durham	NC	- Nat: $70,550	$29,612 /yr	-	-$0
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill	NC	- Nat: $70,550	$11,655 /yr	-	-$0
University of North Carolina at Greensboro Greensboro	NC	- Nat: $70,550	$10,965 /yr	-	-$0
University of North Dakota Grand Forks	ND	- Nat: $70,550	$18,551 /yr	-	-$0
University of Akron Main Campus Akron	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$13,946 /yr	-	-$0
Case Western Reserve University Cleveland	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$41,190 /yr	-	-$0
University of Cincinnati-Main Campus Cincinnati	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$25,648 /yr	-	-$0
Kent State University at Kent Kent	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$20,787 /yr	-	-$0
Ohio University-Main Campus Athens	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$21,637 /yr	-	-$0
University of Toledo Toledo	OH	- Nat: $70,550	$17,249 /yr	-	-$0
Oklahoma State University-Main Campus Stillwater	OK	- Nat: $70,550	$17,447 /yr	-	-$0
University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus Norman	OK	- Nat: $70,550	$15,300 /yr	-	-$0
Oregon State University Corvallis	OR	- Nat: $70,550	$19,604 /yr	-	-$0
University of Oregon Eugene	OR	- Nat: $70,550	$22,182 /yr	-	-$0
Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh	PA	- Nat: $70,550	$31,944 /yr	-	-$0
Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus University Park	PA	- Nat: $70,550	$32,875 /yr	-	-$0
University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus Pittsburgh	PA	- Nat: $70,550	$30,434 /yr	-	-$0
Temple University Philadelphia	PA	- Nat: $70,550	$28,198 /yr	-	-$0
Brown University Providence	RI	- Nat: $70,550	$25,184 /yr	-	-$0
University of South Carolina-Columbia Columbia	SC	- Nat: $70,550	$22,811 /yr	-	-$0
University of Memphis Memphis	TN	- Nat: $70,550	$12,397 /yr	-	-$0
Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro	TN	- Nat: $70,550	$13,359 /yr	-	-$0
The University of Tennessee-Knoxville Knoxville	TN	- Nat: $70,550	$18,976 /yr	-	-$0
Vanderbilt University Nashville	TN	- Nat: $70,550	$15,846 /yr	-	-$0
Baylor University Waco	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$41,104 /yr	-	-$0
University of North Texas Denton	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$15,649 /yr	-	-$0
Rice University Houston	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$13,370 /yr	-	-$0
Southern Methodist University Dallas	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$40,892 /yr	-	-$0
Texas A&M University-College Station College Station	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$21,315 /yr	-	-$0
The University of Texas at Arlington ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. Arlington	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$13,951 /yr	-	-$0
The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$9,403 /yr	-	-$0
Texas Christian University Fort Worth	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$36,660 /yr	-	-$0
Texas Tech University Lubbock	TX	- Nat: $70,550	$19,070 /yr	-	-$0
William & Mary Williamsburg	VA	- Nat: $70,550	$19,096 /yr	-	-$0
George Mason University Fairfax	VA	- Nat: $70,550	$17,915 /yr	-	-$0
University of Virginia-Main Campus Charlottesville	VA	- Nat: $70,550	$21,565 /yr	-	-$0
Washington State University Pullman	WA	- Nat: $70,550	$14,971 /yr	-	-$0
University of Washington-Seattle Campus Seattle	WA	- Nat: $70,550	$14,091 /yr	-	-$0
West Virginia University Morgantown	WV	- Nat: $70,550	$15,634 /yr	-	-$0
Marquette University Milwaukee	WI	- Nat: $70,550	$31,487 /yr	-	-$0
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee	WI	- Nat: $70,550	$15,014 /yr	-	-$0
Inter American University of Puerto Rico-Metro ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. San Juan	PR	- Nat: $70,550	$9,788 /yr	-	-$0
University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras San Juan	PR	- Nat: $70,550	$9,175 /yr	-	-$0
Stanford University Stanford	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$13,807 /yr	-	-$0
Purdue University-Main Campus West Lafayette	IN	- Nat: $70,550	$14,600 /yr	-	-$0
University of Connecticut-Waterbury Campus Waterbury	CT	- Nat: $70,550	$10,875 /yr	-	-$0
University of Connecticut-Avery Point Groton	CT	- Nat: $70,550	$13,807 /yr	-	-$0
University of Connecticut-Stamford Stamford	CT	- Nat: $70,550	$16,798 /yr	-	-$0
Oregon State University-Cascades Campus Bend	OR	- Nat: $70,550	$18,048 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-Merced Merced	CA	- Nat: $70,550	$11,983 /yr	-	-$0
University of Connecticut-Hartford Campus Hartford	CT	- Nat: $70,550	$16,403 /yr	-	-$0
University of California-San Diego La Jolla	CA	$79,871 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$12,470 /yr	-	-$100k
University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison	WI	$73,942 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$17,354 /yr	-	-$162k
University of Chicago Chicago	IL	$71,260 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$14,860 /yr	-	-$173k
Northwestern University Evanston	IL	$70,118 Nat: $70,550 4yr Post-Grad	$29,167 /yr	-	-$233k
CUNY Graduate School and University Center ⚠️ Caution: This institution flagged for high risk factors (low completion/older demographics) that may artificially inflate its ROI. New York	NY	$53,775 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	- /yr	-	-$237k
University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia	PA	$66,045 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$28,699 /yr	-	-$242k
Ohio State University-Main Campus Columbus	OH	$57,860 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$17,339 /yr	-	-$266k
University of California-Berkeley Berkeley	CA	$55,964 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$13,481 /yr	-	-$268k
Indiana University-Bloomington Bloomington	IN	$53,358 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$16,264 /yr	-	-$299k
The University of Texas at Austin Austin	TX	$51,273 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$19,857 /yr	-	-$330k
University of New Mexico-Main Campus Albuquerque	NM	$48,823 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$15,489 /yr	-	-$335k
Yale University New Haven	CT	$42,682 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$23,777 /yr	-	-$417k
University of Houston Houston	TX	$37,208 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$14,276 /yr	-	-$431k
University of Arizona Tucson	AZ	$36,131 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$16,674 /yr	-	-$449k
University of California-Riverside Riverside	CA	$30,771 Nat: $70,550 2yr Post-Grad	$14,304 /yr	-	-$488k

Analysis Notes:

Lifetime Value Added: Net Present Value (NPV) of estimated career earnings relative to a median bachelor's degree holder, accounting for this institution's average cost and taxes.
Avg Net Price: The average price paid by students who receive federal financial aid (grants/loans).Note: For graduate programs, the institution's average undergraduate net price is used as a proxy for annual cost, which may differ from actual graduate tuition and net price.

Important Note: Your ROI with any major will depend on the cost you pay to attend the program, and your starting salary. Both vary significantly across institutions. We encourage you to explore the ROI of a specific program variant by selecting the Program title of the credential level you are interested in. You will then have a more detailed return analysis for programs at specific institutions. We also encourage you to use the ROI calculator, or for more sophisticated analysis, the Guided ROI Interview, with your specific estimates of cost and salary.